Clinical Research: A Review of Study Designs, Hypotheses, Errors, Sampling Types, Ethics, and Informed Consent

Abstract

Recently, we have been noticing an increase in the emergence and re-emergence of microbial infectious diseases. In the previous 100 years, there were several incidences of pandemics caused by different microbial species like the <i>influenza virus</i>, <i>human immunodeficiency virus</i> (HIV), <i>dengue virus</i>, <i>severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus</i> (SARS-CoV), <i>middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus</i> (MERS-CoV), and <i>SARS-CoV-2</i> that were responsible for severe morbidity and mortality among humans. Moreover, non-communicable diseases, including malignancies, diabetes, heart, liver, kidney, and lung diseases, have been on the rise. The medical fraternity, people, and governments all need to improve their preparedness to effectively tackle health emergencies. Clinical research, therefore, assumes increased significance in the current world and may potentially be applied to manage human health-related problems. In the current review, we describe the critical aspects of clinical research that include research designs, types of study hypotheses, errors, types of sampling, ethical concerns, and informed consent.

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