Causes for Retraction in the Biomedical Literature: A Systematic Review of Studies of Retraction Notices

Abstract

Background: Many studies have evaluated the prevalence of different reasons for retraction in samples of retraction notices.We aimed to perform a systematic review of such empirical studies of retraction causes.Methods: The PubMed/MEDLINE database and the Embase database were searched in June 2023.Eligible studies were those containing sufficient data on the reasons for retraction across samples of examined retracted notices.Results: A 11,181 potentially eligible items were identified, and 43 studies of retractions were included in this systematic review.Studies limited to retraction notices of a specific subspecialty or country, journal/publication type are emerging since 2015.We noticed that the reasons for retraction are becoming more specific and more diverse.In a meta-analysis of 17 studies focused on different subspecialties, misconduct was responsible for 60% (95% confidence interval [CI], 53-67%) of all retractions while error and publication issues

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