Use of Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Model for COVID-19 Fact-Checking: Development and Usability Study

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by an "infodemic," where the rapid spread of misinformation has exacerbated public health challenges. Traditional fact-checking methods, though effective, are time-consuming and resource-intensive, limiting their ability to combat misinformation at scale. Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 offer a more scalable solution, but their susceptibility to generating hallucinations-plausible yet incorrect information-compromises their reliability. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to enhance the accuracy and reliability of COVID-19 fact-checking by integrating a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) system with LLMs, specifically addressing the limitations of hallucination and context inaccuracy inherent in stand-alone LLMs. METHODS: -score, precision, and sensitivity were compared to assess their effectiveness in reducing hallucination and improving fact-checking accuracy. RESULTS: The baseline GPT-4 model achieved an accuracy of 0.856 on the real-world dataset. The naïve RAG model improved this to 0.946, while the LOTR-RAG model further increased accuracy to 0.951. The CRAG and SRAG models outperformed all others, achieving accuracies of 0.972 and 0.973, respectively. The baseline GPT-4 model reached an accuracy of 0.960 on the synthesized dataset. The naïve RAG model increased this to 0.972, and the LOTR-RAG, CRAG, and SRAG models achieved an accuracy of 0.978. These findings demonstrate that the RAG-enhanced models consistently maintained high accuracy levels, closely mirroring ground-truth labels and significantly reducing hallucinations. The CRAG and SRAG models also provided more detailed and contextually accurate explanations, further establishing the superiority of agentic RAG frameworks in delivering reliable and precise fact-checking outputs across diverse datasets. CONCLUSIONS: The integration of RAG systems with LLMs substantially improves the accuracy and contextual relevance of automated fact-checking. By reducing hallucinations and enhancing transparency by citing retrieved sources, this method holds significant promise for rapid, reliable information verification to combat misinformation during public health crises.

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