Comparative Evaluation of Large Language and Multimodal Models in Detecting Spinal Stabilization Systems on X-Ray Images

Abstract

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Open-source AI models are increasingly applied in medical imaging, yet their effectiveness in detecting and classifying spinal stabilization systems remains underexplored. This study compares ChatGPT-4o (a large language model) and BiomedCLIP (a multimodal model) in their analysis of posturographic X-ray images (AP projection) to assess their accuracy in identifying the presence, type (growing vs. non-growing), and specific system (MCGR vs. PSF). <b>Methods:</b> A dataset of 270 X-ray images (93 without stabilization, 80 with MCGR, and 97 with PSF) was analyzed manually by neurosurgeons and evaluated using a three-stage AI-based questioning approach. Performance was assessed via classification accuracy, Gwet's Agreement Coefficient (AC1) for inter-rater reliability, and a two-tailed z-test for statistical significance (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Results:</b> The results indicate that GPT-4o demonstrates high accuracy in detecting spinal stabilization systems, achieving near-perfect recognition (97-100%) for the presence or absence of stabilization. However, its consistency is reduced when distinguishing complex growing-rod (MCGR) configurations, with agreement scores dropping significantly (AC1 = 0.32-0.50). In contrast, BiomedCLIP displays greater response consistency (AC1 = 1.00) but struggles with detailed classification, particularly in recognizing PSF (11% accuracy) and MCGR (4.16% accuracy). Sensitivity analysis revealed GPT-4o's superior stability in hierarchical classification tasks, while BiomedCLIP excelled in binary detection but showed performance deterioration as the classification complexity increased. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings highlight GPT-4o's robustness in clinical AI-assisted diagnostics, particularly for detailed differentiation of spinal stabilization systems, whereas BiomedCLIP's precision may require further optimization to enhance its applicability in complex radiographic evaluations.

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