Large Language Models in Cardiovascular Prevention: From Potential to Practice

Abstract

Background: Large language models (LLMs) are becoming progressively integrated into clinical practice; however, their role in cardiovascular (CV) prevention remains unclear. This review synthesises current evidence on LLM applications in preventive cardiology and proposes a governance framework for their safe translation into practice. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive narrative review of literature published be-tween January 2015 and November 2025. Evidence was synthesised across three func-tional domains: (1) patient applications for health literacy and behaviour change; (2) clinician applications for decision support and workflow efficiency; and (3) system ap-plications for automated data extraction, registry construction, and quality surveillance. Results: Evidence suggests that while LLMs generate empathetic, guideline-concordant patient education, they lack the nuance required for unsupervised, personalized advice. For clinicians, LLMs effectively summarise clinical notes and draft documentation but remain unreliable for deterministic risk calculations and autonomous decision-making. System-facing applications demonstrate potential for automated phenotyping and mul-timodal risk prediction. However, safe deployment is constrained by hallucinations, temporal obsolescence, automation bias, and data privacy concerns. Conclusions: LLMs could help mitigate structural barriers in CV prevention but should presently be deployed only as supervised “reasoning engines” that augment, rather than replace, clinician judgment. To guide the transition from in silico performance to bedside practice, we propose the C.A.R.D.I.O. framework (Clinical validation, Auditability, Risk stratification, Data privacy, Integration, and Ongoing vigilance) as a roadmap for re-sponsible integration.

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