Generative Artificial Intelligence and Large Language Models in Paediatric Dentistry: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs), a type of artificial intelligence (AI), have been applied to various fields of dentistry in recent years. Although several reviews have examined AI applications in paediatric dentistry, most have focused on diagnostic assistance, and none have comprehensively addressed LLM use, including not only dental professionals but also patients or their guardians. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched in September 2025 using the terms "Pediatric dentistry" AND "ChatGPT" OR "Gemini" OR "Claude" OR "Copilot" OR "DeepSeek." Of the 262 articles identified, 30 met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review-24 published in 2025 and 6 in 2024. The largest group of studies (18 articles) focused on "answers to questions," followed by 8 on "diagnostic assistance" and 3 on "dental examination." LLMs demonstrated promising potential in paediatric dentistry across a range of users, including dental students, professionals, patients, and guardians. However, because LLMs can still provide inaccurate or misleading information, they should currently be used only as a supplementary tool. Recognizing these limitations and applying LLMs appropriately is essential. Continued research may further expand the scope and reliability of LLM applications in paediatric dentistry.

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