Generative AI in Norwegian English Classrooms: Exploring Teacher Adoption Through UTAUT

Abstract

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has the potential to bring substantial benefits to language education, making it essential to examine how teachers engage with these technologies in practice. This exploratory qualitative case study draws on semi-structured interviews with four in-service upper-secondary English teachers in Norway to examine the factors shaping their engagement with GenAI. Drawing on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), the study examined factors shaping teachers’ engagement with GenAI, including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions. Thematic analysis revealed a pattern of selective, context-sensitive use rather than straightforward adoption. While teachers recognised the potential of GenAI to support planning, idea generation, and formative feedback, their engagement was constrained by concerns about assessment validity, academic integrity, privacy, and institutional guidance. The findings suggest that teachers’ use of GenAI is shaped not only by perceptions of usefulness and ease of use but also by trust, assessment considerations, and the availability of clear policy frameworks. By using UTAUT as a qualitative analytical lens, this study contributes to research on technology acceptance and teacher agency by showing how teachers negotiate the use of GenAI in ways that reshape assessment practices and professional roles. The findings point to the need for clear institutional guidance, AI-resilient assessment practices, and targeted teacher education that supports ethical, pedagogically grounded use of GenAI.

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