Role of artificial intelligence in head and neck surgery - A narrative review

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) has captivated medical researchers and practitioners since the advent of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) in 1990 and 2010, respectively.The current abundance of health data and the desire to predict outcomes based on this data have sparked significant interest in ML.It allows computers to learn from information and past experiences, enabling them to make decisions without explicit programming for each task (Figure 1) (1).DL is a subset of ML that involves learning from hundreds of representative layers using neural networks, ultimately providing non-linear predictions.AI encompasses the capacity of machines to replicate human intelligence autonomously without direct programming.As such, AI is expected to revolutionize healthcare because of its ability to handle data on a massive scale.Currently, AIbased medical platforms support diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic assessments in head and neck surgery at many healthcare facilities worldwide (1).Since the early 1990s, AI has been increasingly used to analyze radiological and pathological images and predict clinical outcomes based on these images, histology, and other clinical variables (2).Surgery is all about precision, and now, with the help of AI, it is reaching new heights.Due to better computers, the explosion of health data, and the development of massive datasets, AI is rapidly advancing in healthcare.It has the potential to significantly aid medical decision-making and reduce cognitive biases and, ultimately, medical errors (3).This article will examine the current applications of AIbased solutions in head and neck surgery.Given the breadth and rapid evolution of ABSTRACTThe advent of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of head and neck surgery has remarkably impacted in various domains, including investigation, diagnosis, pre-operative decision making, surgical planning, rehabilitation, and so on.Head and neck surgery is a field that is practiced worldwide by otolaryngologists, maxillofacial surgeons, plastic surgeons and general surgeons.It has a number of challenging aspects.This review highlights the current advancements and future prospects in the field and its different applications in cancer detection, peri-operative care, and surgical planning.Deep learning and machine learning (ML) are the pillars of AI, by which huge datasets can be analyzed with precision.This can help to enhance the accuracy and meanwhile minimizing the chances of errors in making clinical decisions.On the other hand, there have been numerous ethical concerns regarding AI.Patient privacy, data security, element of empathy in complex decision making are a few concerns at the top.Like any other advancement, the decision is always taken after weighing risks and benefits.Therefore, instead of abandoning AI as a whole, we must come up with certain regulatory authorities that can keep these issues in check.And this can only happen with worldwide collaborative approach.We conducted this narrative review to summarize recent advancements in head and neck cancer surgery by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar from

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